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An estimation technique which is insensitive to small departures from the idealized assumptions which have been used to optimize the algorithm. Classes of such techniques include M-Estimate (which follow from maximum likelihood considerations), L-Estimate (which are linear combinations of Order Statistics), and R-Estimate (based on Rank tests).
See also L-Estimate, M-Estimate, R-Estimate
References
Press, W. H.; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; and Vetterling, W. T.  ``Robust Estimation.''  §15.7 in
  Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed.  Cambridge, England:
  Cambridge University Press, pp. 694-700, 1992.