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To color any map on the Sphere or the Plane requires at most six-colors. This number can easily be reduced to five, and the Four-Color Theorem demonstrates that the Necessary number is, in fact, four.
See also Four-Color Theorem, Heawood Conjecture, Map Coloring
References
Franklin, P.  ``A Six Colour Problem.''  J. Math. Phys. 13, 363-369, 1934.
 
Hoffman, I. and Soifer, A.  ``Another Six-Coloring of the Plane.''  Disc. Math. 150, 427-429, 1996.
 
Saaty, T. L. and Kainen, P. C.  The Four-Color Problem: Assaults and Conquest.  New York: Dover, 1986.